{"id":1505,"date":"2024-04-19T17:14:22","date_gmt":"2024-04-19T07:14:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qfactor.com.au\/?p=1505"},"modified":"2024-04-19T17:14:26","modified_gmt":"2024-04-19T07:14:26","slug":"outliers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/murrayslatter.me\/?p=1505","title":{"rendered":"Outliers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Have you ever read a biography of a successful person where his or her success is attributed to pure dumb luck? Probably not. Rather, when it comes to success stories, we like to think that the people in question have earned their success through talent and hard work. This is the myth of the \u201cself-made man,\u201d and this book summary will show you that it lacks foundation. You\u2019ll see how many unseen factors influence a person\u2019s success, and most of them lie beyond that person\u2019s control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this summary of Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell, In these book summary, you\u2019ll learn<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>why Bill Gates and The Beatles became so successful;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>why your birthday may have doomed you to never become an ice hockey superstar; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>what rice farming has to do with math skills.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-amazon wp-block-embed-amazon\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Outliers: The Story of Success\" type=\"text\/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen style=\"max-width:100%\" src=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com.au\/kp\/card?preview=inline&#038;linkCode=ll1&#038;ref_=k4w_oembed_MaUrdtM2cCgPCW&#038;asin=0141036257&#038;tag=bywineexecu09-22\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Outliers Key Idea #1: Our culture celebrates the myth of the \u201cself-made man.\u201d<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>If we meet an excellent mathematician, we tend to assume his talent for logical thinking is, at its core, something he was born with. The same goes for professional athletes\u2019 agility, musicians\u2019 sense of rhythm, or computer programmers\u2019 problem-solving skills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is because we naturally tend to attribute an individual\u2019s success or achievement to his or her own efforts and innate abilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When Jeb Bush ran for the governorship of Florida, he called himself a \u201cself-made man\u201d as part of his campaign strategy. This is, frankly, ridiculous; he had two American Presidents, a wealthy Wall Street banker, and a United States senator in his immediate family. Nevertheless, as individualism is so important in our culture, he tried this angle anyway.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jeb Bush\u2019s achievements make him an outlier \u2013 a person who has achieved something statistically extraordinary. But just as Bush\u2019s advantageous background helped him achieve success, so too do less external factors help other outliers rise above the average.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We place such a high value on individuals and their \u201cself-made\u201d achievements that we often willfully ignore other factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The \u201cself-made man\u201d is a myth \u2013 a very, very popular myth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-amazon wp-block-embed-amazon\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Outliers: The Story of Success\" type=\"text\/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen style=\"max-width:100%\" src=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com.au\/kp\/card?preview=inline&#038;linkCode=ll1&#038;ref_=k4w_oembed_MaUrdtM2cCgPCW&#038;asin=0141036257&#038;tag=bywineexecu09-22\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Outliers Key Idea #2: Once you reach a certain threshold, increased abilities no longer help you succeed.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Though innate qualities are important, being 6\u201910\u201d tall doesn\u2019t guarantee you a million-dollar basketball contract, and having a sky-high IQ doesn\u2019t automatically mean a Nobel Prize. Why is this?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Qualities that foster success \u2013 like height in basketball players or quantitative intelligence in mathematicians \u2013 have a \u201cthreshold.\u201d For example, after reaching a certain height, an extra couple of inches don\u2019t make that much difference for a basketball player.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The same is true in education as well: some law schools lower their entry requirements for racial minorities under a policy of affirmative action. These students tend to perform slightly worse in law school overall than the white students, but when postgraduate success is examined, there is no difference between the minority and non minority students anymore. Despite their poorer performance both before and during law school, the minority students enjoy similar salaries, earn as many honors, and make as many contributions to the legal world as their white classmates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Just as height in basketball players only matters to a point, after you have a sufficient amount of legal expertise, other factors start to play a bigger role. Related skills and traits are necessary foundations for achievement in a field \u2013 you can\u2019t become a leading legal expert if you have zero logical reasoning skills \u2013 however, once you\u2019ve reached the skills threshold, marginal increases in innate reasoning abilities won\u2019t advance you. Other things \u2013 social skills, connections, or even a lucky break \u2013 will.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-amazon wp-block-embed-amazon\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Outliers: The Story of Success\" type=\"text\/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen style=\"max-width:100%\" src=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com.au\/kp\/card?preview=inline&#038;linkCode=ll1&#038;ref_=k4w_oembed_MaUrdtM2cCgPCW&#038;asin=0141036257&#038;tag=bywineexecu09-22\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Outliers Key Idea #3: World-class mastery of anything demands around 10,000 hours of practice \u2013 no easy feat.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Though talent is certainly a key ingredient in the recipe for success, hard work seems to be at least as important, if not more so. Bill Gates spent a lot of time learning computer programming. The Beatles spent a lot of time on stage. Though they were also extraordinarily talented individuals, it was extensive practice that made them truly world-class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To achieve world-class mastery at anything, studies show you need to spend a \u201ccritical minimum\u201d amount of time \u2013 around 10,000 hours \u2013 practicing. Of course, not everyone has the opportunity to spend this much time practicing something.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First of all, you need the opportunity to start early so you can get in as much practice as possible and secure a head start on the competition. Also, you or your family has to have the resources to support you; it\u2019s hard to find time for work or chores when you\u2019re spending 40 hours a week trying to become a world-famous violinist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Depending on what you want to do, you might also need access to expensive state-of-the-art equipment. Encouragement from family, friends, coaches, teachers and kind strangers you meet on the street helps too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you\u2019re lucky, like Bill Gates or the Beatles, you\u2019ll have all these things. However, many people don\u2019t, so they effectively lack the opportunity to achieve world-class mastery in their chosen fields.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-amazon wp-block-embed-amazon\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference\" type=\"text\/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen style=\"max-width:100%\" src=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com.au\/kp\/card?preview=inline&#038;linkCode=ll1&#038;ref_=k4w_oembed_LkLT1ZnWZmcjAV&#038;asin=0349113467&#038;tag=bywineexecu09-22\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Outliers Key Idea #4: The month you\u2019re born in can have a huge effect on what you achieve.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Your \u201crelative age\u201d \u2013 how old you are in comparison to others in a developmental group \u2013 can make or break you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here\u2019s an example: in Canadian youth-hockey leagues, the eligibility cutoff date for age groups is January 1. All the kids born in the same calendar year compete against each other. Seems fair, right?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Well, it isn\u2019t. Annual cutoff dates pit kids born in January against those born at the end of December. In other words, December babies compete with kids who are basically a year older than they are.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not only is the system unequal off the bat, it also creates a self-fulfilling prophecy: coaches praise the best nine-year-olds because they\u2019re stronger, better players, when in fact they\u2019re neither; they\u2019re just older \u2013 a year makes a big difference when it constitutes one eighth of your life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The kids with this unfair age advantage get more encouragement and opportunities to improve at an impressionable stage of their development. This is called a cumulative advantage, and it\u2019s the reason professional Canadian hockey players have birthdays in the first half of the year more often than in the second.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You might be thinking, \u201cHey, no big deal \u2013 I\u2019m not a hockey player. I\u2019m not even Canadian!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But relative age can create unequal opportunities in any area that uses annual cutoff dates to divide people into age-based groups. Most sports leagues have them. Another place that has them? Schools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, the five-year-old whose short attention span inspires her to take a crayon to her spelling homework can grow up thinking she\u2019s a \u201cproblem child.\u201d At the same time, the calm almost-six-year-old she sat next to grows up to go to Harvard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-amazon wp-block-embed-amazon\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Outliers: The Story of Success\" type=\"text\/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen style=\"max-width:100%\" src=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com.au\/kp\/card?preview=inline&#038;linkCode=ll1&#038;ref_=k4w_oembed_MaUrdtM2cCgPCW&#038;asin=0141036257&#038;tag=bywineexecu09-22\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Outliers Key Idea #5: How you\u2019re brought up can radically impact how successful you become.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>After you reach a skills \u201cthreshold,\u201d natural abilities stop mattering in your quest for success. A far more important factor is whether you have practical intelligence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Practical intelligence is \u201cprocedural\u201d knowledge: knowing how to interpret and work social situations to get what you want \u2013 in other words, knowing who to ask what, and when. The ability to interact with and negotiate with authority figures can help inch people closer to their goals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This knowledge is not innate. Sociologist Annette Lareau found that wealthier parents instill in their children a feeling of \u201centitlement\u201d more often than lower-class parents do. In general, they do this by paying more attention to their children, or by at least providing their children with enriching activities that promote intellectual growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They teach their children to demand respect and to \u201ccustomize\u201d a situation to suit to their needs. In other words, they teach their kids practical intelligence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By contrast, poorer parents are often intimidated by authority and let their children follow a pattern of \u201cnatural growth\u201d \u2013 there\u2019s less pushing, prodding and encouraging than in wealthier families. This means children from poorer households are less likely to be taught practical intelligence, which radically decreases their chances for success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-amazon wp-block-embed-amazon\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference\" type=\"text\/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen style=\"max-width:100%\" src=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com.au\/kp\/card?preview=inline&#038;linkCode=ll1&#038;ref_=k4w_oembed_LkLT1ZnWZmcjAV&#038;asin=0349113467&#038;tag=bywineexecu09-22\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Outliers Key Idea #6: The year you\u2019re born in can make or break you.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cUnfair\u201d advantages in life can come from very unlikely sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Consider several big-name software billionaires: Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and co-founder of Sun-Microsystems, Bill Joy. All of them were born with an extraordinary gift for logical reasoning as well as ambition, practical intelligence and opportunities to practice their skills. Mystery of the wildly successful solved?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not so fast. It\u2019s not just that they had opportunities; it\u2019s that they had a precise series of opportunities that let them get their 10,000 hours of computer programming practice in at exactly the right time in history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to capitalize on the rapidly changing software industry, they had to be born at just the right time: late enough to have access to a new computer model that made it easier to work out programming bugs, but not so late that others could get to their ideas first. They also had to be just the right age when starting their companies; if they had been much older, they might have been more interested in \u201csettling down\u201d rather than in taking the huge risks that allowed them to succeed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not every successful software tycoon was born in the years between 1954 and 1956, but the fact that many were suggests that being in the right place at the right time matters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-amazon wp-block-embed-amazon\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Outliers: The Story of Success\" type=\"text\/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen style=\"max-width:100%\" src=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com.au\/kp\/card?preview=inline&#038;linkCode=ll1&#038;ref_=k4w_oembed_MaUrdtM2cCgPCW&#038;asin=0141036257&#038;tag=bywineexecu09-22\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Outliers Key Idea #7: Where you come from \u2013 geographically and culturally \u2013 can have a particularly large effect on what you achieve.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>You\u2019re probably familiar with the stereotype that Asians are good at math. Some might cry, \u201cPolitically incorrect!\u201d when they hear this, but several facets of Eastern culture do in fact promote better math students. One is language. When children learn the words for numbers in Asian languages, they automatically learn to add up numbers too, thus developing their mathematical aptitude early on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to language, rice \u2013 the staple of the Asian diet \u2013 also helps students learn math because rice farming fosters an intense work ethic. Farming rice is much harder than farming Western crops. A robust, profitable rice harvest demands precision, coordination and patience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Feudal systems in Europe left farmers little to show from their work; they had to turn over most of their crops to ruthless landlords, but such systems were not prevalent in Asia, so rice farming offered a clear relationship between effort and reward. As a result, a culture of hard work developed; one particularly illuminating age-old saying was, \u201cNo one who can rise before dawn three hundred sixty days a year fails to make his family rich.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What does this have to do with math? Well, like rice farming, math is hard; you might spend an hour trying to figure out why you keep getting -17 when the answer is supposed to be 19,473.6. Research has shown that students in Western countries give up on math problems far sooner than students in Eastern countries do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, yes, Asians are generally good at math; it\u2019s part of their cultural legacy. People with ancestors who worked in rice paddies tend to inherit an attitude towards work that is particularly helpful when learning math. This tendency persists, even generations after families have left rice paddies behind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-amazon wp-block-embed-amazon\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference\" type=\"text\/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen style=\"max-width:100%\" src=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com.au\/kp\/card?preview=inline&#038;linkCode=ll1&#038;ref_=k4w_oembed_LkLT1ZnWZmcjAV&#038;asin=0349113467&#038;tag=bywineexecu09-22\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Outliers Key Idea #8: If we recognize the importance of cultural legacy, we can help more people work towards success \u2013 and prevent failure.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>There are not-so-celebrated outliers too, such as plane crashes. This rare event almost always results from the buildup of an unlikely series of minor difficulties or errors that might have been insignificant on their own. But just as Bill Gates was lucky to encounter one opportunity after another, pilots can run into a series of small problems that add up to disaster.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An example is Korean Air, an airline that, before the year 2000, had a terrible safety record. Their crash-rate was more than seventeen times higher than the industry average. This poor track record could also be explained by cultural legacy, as with the Asian predisposition for math.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Korean culture values authority figures and dictates that one should always defer to an individual with a higher rank. Thus if the captain of a plane makes a mistake, lower-ranking crewmembers might not be comfortable correcting the captain because their cultural legacy says they shouldn\u2019t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of Korean Air\u2019s crashes in Guam can be traced back to such communication failures. The flight\u2019s first officer tried to tell the exhausted captain that visibility was too poor to attempt a visual approach to the runway, but, to avoid offending the captain with an explicit command, he merely said,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cDon\u2019t you think it rains more? In this area, here?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The captain ignored the first officer\u2019s timid comment about the weather \u2013 and their plane crashed into a hill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After a reform that acknowledged the problems the Korean cultural legacy of hierarchy could pose for flying a plane, Korean Air hired an American firm to improve its flight crews\u2019 communication skills. Now its safety record matches those of its competitors.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-amazon wp-block-embed-amazon\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Outliers: The Story of Success\" type=\"text\/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen style=\"max-width:100%\" src=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com.au\/kp\/card?preview=inline&#038;linkCode=ll1&#038;ref_=k4w_oembed_MaUrdtM2cCgPCW&#038;asin=0141036257&#038;tag=bywineexecu09-22\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Outliers Key Idea #9: If we recognize the reasons behind uneven playing fields, we can create more opportunities for people to succeed.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The processes we use to whittle fledgling talent into success stories are rarely effective or efficient, resulting in only a few successful outliers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In hockey, annual cutoff dates mean juniors born late in the year must play against kids almost a year older than they are. But a Canadian hockey player born on December 27 can\u2019t ask his mom to travel back in time and not go into labor until January 1, and he shouldn\u2019t have to wish he could.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many hockey players who might have harnessed great work ethics or learned to handle the puck better than anyone else in the league are lost because resources go to those who have an unfair advantage by having been born in the right part of the year. Cumulative advantage for some means cumulative disadvantage for others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once this flaw in the system is recognized, however, it can be fixed. Instead of using annual cutoff dates, we could divide young hockey players into four times as many groups until the advantage of relative age subsides. January-March babies play in one group, April-June in another, and so on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The same goes for schools. Instead of sitting back and allowing the children of wealthier parents have access to more opportunities, we can create programs like the South Bronx\u2019s KIPP \u2013 Knowledge is Power Program \u2013 Academy, a rigorous middle school open to students from this extremely low-income area. Although there are no exams or admission requirements, and although most students come from disadvantaged backgrounds, KIPP manages to get 84 percent of its pupils to perform at or above their grade level in math by the time they finish eighth grade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-amazon wp-block-embed-amazon\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference\" type=\"text\/html\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen style=\"max-width:100%\" src=\"https:\/\/read.amazon.com.au\/kp\/card?preview=inline&#038;linkCode=ll1&#038;ref_=k4w_oembed_LkLT1ZnWZmcjAV&#038;asin=0349113467&#038;tag=bywineexecu09-22\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Final Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The key message in this book:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>No man, woman or Canadian hockey player is an island. Extraordinary success is the result of an often-unlikely series of opportunities, lucky breaks and occurrences that combine to create the precise conditions that allow such achievement.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Want to know more about me:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Connect on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/murrayslatter\/\">LinkedIn<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Checkout more <a href=\"https:\/\/murrayslatter.me\/?cat=22\">Book Review in this series<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Connect for more free <a href=\"https:\/\/share.hsforms.com\/1BOVrPBN0SZSyE6N4ppjRqAeiskf\">material and coaching<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Connect with our team at <a href=\"https:\/\/qfactor.com.au\/\">Qfactor<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Have you ever read a biography of a successful person where his or her success is attributed to pure dumb luck? Probably not. Rather, when it comes to success stories, we like to think that the people in question have [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3376,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,22],"tags":[64],"class_list":["post-1505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business-leadership-master-class","category-uniq","tag-bookreview","clearfix"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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